Network traffic classification involves analyzing and categorizing data packets flowing through a network to identify their source, destination, application, or protocol. This process is essential for optimizing network performance, ensuring security, and managing bandwidth effectively. By using techniques like machine learning, deep learning, and statistical analysis, network traffic can be classified in real-time, enabling better traffic management, intrusion detection, and quality of service (QoS) for applications. It plays a vital role in maintaining efficient and secure network environments.